Шаман

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Шама́н — человек, который согласно верованиям наделён способностями общаться с духами и сверхъестественными силами, входя в экстатическое состояние.

Деятельность шамана

Жизнь шамана связана с совершением специальной работы в мире духов — лечением болезней, «укрощением огня», вызовом дождя, беседами с умершими и т. п. Шаманская практика отличается от первобытной магии тем, что магия направлена на искусственное изменение мира своей волей, в то время как шаман опирается на природные силы и является их проводником.

Шаманский обряд всегда предполагал особое внешнее оформление. Специально сооружённая хижина символизировала собой островок «шаманской» земли — маленькой вселенной. Шаманские действия и ритуалы (камлания) осуществляются во время экстатического транса, при этом, как правило, используется бубен, барабан или особые танцы и заклинания. Считалось, что во время камлания душа шамана покидает тело и путешествует по другим мирам.

Происхождение слова

Слово «шаман» взято из тунгусо-маньчжурских языков и связано с глаголом «са» — «знать». У эвенков использовалось слово «саман», у ненцев — «тадебей», у бурят — «боо», у кетов — «сенин», у алтайцев — «кам». От тюрского «кам» произошло слово «камлание», обозначающее обрядовое действие шамана. В России слово появилось в XVII веке, в письменных сообщениях русских служилых людей из Сибири. Затем оно попало в Европу через иностранцев, ездивших в составе русского посольства Петра I в Китай через Сибирь. Слово получило распространение во многих языках (обычно записывается латиницей как «Shaman»).

Шаманы в ролевых играх

В ролевых играх шаман может являться как принятым в определённом сеттинге или у какой-либо из культур сеттинга названием жреца или друида, так и самостоятельным классом персонажа. Во всех случаях шаман связан с духами природы и мёртвых и обладает способностями к лечению и усилению своих товарищей по приключению. Традиционным оружием шамана считаются копьё и дубина.

Dungeons & Dragons

Шаман как базовый или вариантный класс встречается в различных редакциях Dungeons & Dragons.

Dungeons & Dragons

Впервые в D&D шаман появился в дополнении для сеттинга Mystara «The Orcs of Thar» (1988 год), где описывались оркские шаманы. Правила для игры шаманом были включены в другое дополнение для Мистары — «The Golden Khan of Ethengar» (1989 год). Затем класс был пересмотрен в «The Shadow Elves» (1990 год), а в «Atruaghin Clans» шаманами были названы жрецы атруагинской расы.

Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition

В качестве полноценного класса шаман появился в дополнении для AD&D 2, которое так и называлось — «Shaman» (1995 год). Описывались три варианта класса — шаман-одиночка (англ. Solitary Shaman), спиритуалист (англ. Spiritualist) и племенной шаман (англ. Tribal Shaman). Дополнение было привязано к сеттингу Planescape и использовало нестандартную механику применения заклинаний. В дальнейшем эта система не получила развития, хотя и была кратко упомянута как источник сил одного из тёмных владык Равенлофта, правящего островом ужаса.

Класс «шаман» описывался также в книгах «Faith and Avatars», «Spells & Magic», «The Complete Barbarian’s Handbook», причём в каждом источнике — по-другому. Окончательно запутывало «шаманский вопрос» наличие в AD&D 2 кита «шаман», фигурирующего по крайней мере в шести книгах: «Masque of the Red Death», «The Complete Book of Humanoids»…

D&D3

Dungeons & Dragons v.3 (also known as the Third Edition Dungeons & Dragons) rulebooks included the following Shaman classes:

• Green Ronin Publishing released a 3.0 Shaman in The Shaman Handbook as part of their Master Class series. They cast divine spells spontaneously, like a sorcerer. The book also contains a number of Prestige Classes.

D&D3.5

Dungeons & Dragons v.3.5 (also known as Revised 3rd Edition or D&D3.5) rulebooks included the following Shaman classes:

• Dragon Shaman — introduced in the Player's Handbook II. Open to all races, the Dragon Shaman is primarily a physical combatant who gains dragon-like powers from the particular type (color) of dragon he aligns with and develops an affinity for. This character may employ medium armor, and gains some spell-like abilities.

• Shaman — introduced in the Oriental Adventures sourcebook. Shamans are divine spellcasters who draw their spells from the spirit world.

• Spirit Shaman — introduced in the Complete Divine sourcebook. Spirit Shamans are similar to druids in that they use the druidic spell list, but they cast spells spontaneously like a Sorcerer. Spirit Shamans have their own spirit guide and possess special abilities that affect spirits (such as incorporeal undead, fey, and elementals). Unlike Sorcerers, Spirit Shamans may change their spell selection whenever they meditate to regain their daily allotment of spells.

• Totemist — introduced in the Magic of Incarnum sourcebook. Totemists revere magical beasts, such as worgs and unicorns, whom they see as the most powerful forces of nature. They shape incarnum, the material of souls, to make magical items based around magical beasts, such as Displacer Mantles. Totemist is the favored class of Dusklings.

• UKG Publishing released a 3.5 Shaman in The Enduring: Witches & Shaman in June 2007. It uses the same advancement and spellcasting progression as a druid, but (instead of wildshape) gains lycanthropic abilities as it progresses, becoming a were-shaman (a natural lycanthrope) at upper levels.

D&D4

Dungeons & Dragons v.4 (also known as Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition or D&D4) rulebooks included the following Shaman classes:

The Shaman is among the classes included in the 4th edition Player’s Handbook 2 (March 2009). The Shaman class has the Primal power source and the Leader role, and has a clear link with the primal spirits of the earth; most of her powers call upon or otherwise make use of spirits. Continuing with this spiritual link, all Shamans receive a Spirit Companion—the class is distinctive for being the only Fourth Edition class to have a companion as a standard feature. While it may have any appearance the player wishes, the flavor and artwork included in the book depict it as an animal spirit, and the provided Shaman builds are named after possible appearances (Panther and Bear). Many of the Shaman’s powers use the Spirit keyword, meaning they use the spirit as their origin point and derive line of sight and effect from it; these are flavored as the Shaman commanding the spirit to attack her enemies. The Shaman can even use opportunity actions to attack enemies moving past the spirit, giving it the mechanical feeling of an ally actively engaged in combat.

Along with damage, Shaman attacks carry some type of rider effect that either benefit allies or harm enemies next to the companion spirit, such as temporary hit points or a bonus to attack rolls. Additionally, allies next to the spirit can gain additional hit points when the Shaman uses her healing abilities. This allows the Shaman to use the spirit as a mobile source of aid, able to be moved to where it is most useful. Since she must consider the positioning of two entities rather than one, and is able to use both ranged and melee attacks from two sources, the Shaman is a complex Leader class to play.

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Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition (2000—2007)

The Shaman is a character class in the Dungeons & Dragons 3.0 edition that was introduced in the Oriental Adventures campaign supplement.

The shaman in the Third Edition of the game is the new name given to the shukenja of the First Edition Oriental Adventures. (A character class called the shugenja also appears in Oriental Adventures 3.0 which is a different, though similarly spellcasting class.) The shaman is considered the oriental equivalent of the cleric, although it also shares abilities with the monk and druid classes. Like clerics, shamans derive their spells from divine energy in general and from powerful entities; they propitiate spirits of an animistic religious system rather than deities, forces, or philosophies (although deities may also exist as extremely powerful spirits). These spirits embody the domains from which shamans gain powers and domain spells. A few domains are identical to clerical domains listed in the Player's Handbook; some are unique to the shaman and have no direct equivalent to any clerical domain. Unlike a cleric, at higher levels a shaman can learn a third domain and prepare two domain spells per day for certain spell levels. In general, a shaman’s spell list is more nature-oriented than the cleric’s. Like the druid, it can gain an animal companion. Its attack progression is identical to a cleric’s, while it has a variety of unarmed combat feats similar to the monk. The 3.5 update to the class found in Dragon Magazine issue 318 (April 2004) improves the shaman’s combat prowess, such as by granting shamans the ability to inflict extra damage with their unarmed attacks, similar to those of monks.

The vanara, a monkey-like humanoid race also published in Oriental Adventures, has Shaman as its favored class.

Green Ronin Publishing released a 3.0 Shaman in The Shaman Handbook as part of their Master Class series. They cast divine spells spontaneously, like a sorcerer. The book also contains a number of Prestige Classes.

UKG Publishing released a 3.5 Shaman in The Enduring: Witches & Shaman in June 2007. It uses the same advancement and spellcasting progression as a druid, but (instead of wildshape) gains lycanthropic abilities as it progresses, becoming a were-shaman (a natural lycanthrope) at upper levels.

Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition (2008-)

The Shaman is among the classes included in the 4th edition Player’s Handbook 2 (March 2009). The Shaman class has the Primal power source and the Leader role, and has a clear link with the primal spirits of the earth; most of her powers call upon or otherwise make use of spirits. Continuing with this spiritual link, all Shamans receive a Spirit Companion—the class is distinctive for being the only Fourth Edition class to have a companion as a standard feature. While it may have any appearance the player wishes, the flavor and artwork included in the book depict it as an animal spirit, and the provided Shaman builds are named after possible appearances (Panther and Bear). Many of the Shaman’s powers use the Spirit keyword, meaning they use the spirit as their origin point and derive line of sight and effect from it; these are flavored as the Shaman commanding the spirit to attack her enemies. The Shaman can even use opportunity actions to attack enemies moving past the spirit, giving it the mechanical feeling of an ally actively engaged in combat.

Along with damage, Shaman attacks carry some type of rider effect that either benefit allies or harm enemies next to the companion spirit, such as temporary hit points or a bonus to attack rolls. Additionally, allies next to the spirit can gain additional hit points when the Shaman uses his healing abilities. This allows the Shaman to use the spirit as a mobile source of aid, able to be moved to where it is most useful. Since he must consider the positioning of two entities rather than one, and is able to use both ranged and melee attacks from two sources, the Shaman is a complex Leader class to play.

d20 System

The d20 System is an open source role playing game system. As such, various sources have created versions of Shaman and Shaman-like classes:

• A Shaman class was specified in «The Shaman’s Handbook» in 2002.
• A Shaman class was specified in «The Hamlet of Thumble» in 2003.
• A Shaman class was specified in «The Shaman» prior to March, 2006.
• A Bone Shaman class was specified in «The Lost Classes Codex» in 2006.
• The Fairy Witch and Were-Shaman classes, as well as The Hexmaster, Spirit Warrior and Witch Doctor prestige classes, were specified in «The Enduring: Witches and Shamans» in 2007.

GURPS

В системе GURPS шаман описывается в дополнении «Dungeon Fantasy: Summoners» из серии GURPS Dungeon Fantasy.

EverQuest

In EverQuest, the Shaman class — like the Druid and Cleric classes — is of the Priest or Healer archetype. Like the Druid, the Shaman has many secondary utility abilities at the cost of not healing as well as the Cleric. These abilities include «debuffing» (diminishing) the offense of an opponent by slowing or decreasing its attack rate, attack rating and spell resistance, as well as «buffing» (enhancing) allies by speeding up or increasing their attack rate, attack rating and spell resistance. The EverQuest Shaman would be considered neither «good» nor «evil» in overall lore.

The Shaman class is only available to those races which are tribal, or closer to nature than to technology. Originally restricted to the races of Barbarian, Ogre and Troll, players were given the option of playing additional Shaman-capable races in the following expansions: Iksar (lizard people) with «Ruins of Kunark»; Vah Shir (cat people) with «Shadows of Luclin»; and Froglok (frog people) with «Legacy of Ykesha».

The Shaman wears chainmail or scalemail, primarily wields blunt or piercing weapons, and may use shields.

EverQuest II

In EverQuest II, Shaman actually describes two Priest classes — Mystics and Defilers. Mystic wards, abilities and spells are more defensively oriented, and their lore is generally good (vs evil). Defiler wards, abilities and spells are more offensively oriented, and their lore is generally evil (vs good).

EverQuest II does not limit classes to certain races, so any of the 19 races can become a Shaman.

Both Mystics and Defilers wear chainmail or scalemail, wield blunt or piercing weapons, and may use small shields.

Guild Wars

A living conduit to the Spirit world, the Ritualist profession is thematically identical to the Shaman character class in both form and essence, with influences drawing heavily from East Asian shintoism, West African vodun and Native American animism. They hood their eyes to avoid gazing into the abyss and to better commune with the supernatural, and can also use the remains of the dead to defend the living—not by reanimating corpses as a Necromancer would, but through the ritual use of urns and ashes. Where Druids and Rangers lives as one with the spirit world, the Ritualist can and will be its master.

Channel other-worldly energies that summon allies from the void and employ mystic binding rituals that bend those allies to the Ritualist’s will. These powerful Spirit allies inflict harm on foes, and can channel restorative magic that heals and protects injured companions.

By calling upon those who have left this world, they are able to strengthen allies, weaken his foes, call upon spirits, and mend the wounds of those who have been maimed.

The energy they channel drives skills which enhance the deadliness of an ally’s weapon, focus or armor, and wreak havoc on an enemy’s health.

Vanguard

in Vanguard, the Shaman is of the Priest or Healer archetype, chooses one of three patron spirits: Tuurgin the Bear grants abilities based on physical strength and robustness; Rakurr the Wolf grants abilities based on stealth and speed; Hayatet the Phoenix grants abilities based on mana (magic) and fire. This choice determines which spells and abilities will be available as the character advances, as well as which statistics will be considered most important.

Shaman may be Goblin, Lesser Giant, Mordebi (a Human variety), Orc, Varanjar (a Human variety), Varanthari (a Human variety), Vulmane (wolf people) or Wood Elf.

The Shaman wears «medium» armor (versus light or heavy), wields blunt or piercing weapons, and may use shields.

World of Warcraft

In World of Warcraft, the Shaman class is very versatile class. One can specialize in Elemental (spell casting), Enhancement (melee damage) or Restoration (healing) abilities. A shaman has the ability to imbue their weapons with the elements (to provide increased damage or buffs to themselves) and uses elemental totems to provide benefits to allies (or diminish opponents' abilities) within a certain range. Shaman’s also have the ability to resurrect other players and are the only class capable of self-resurrection.

Originally restricted to the Horde races of Orc, Tauren, and Troll. In The Burning Crusade, players were given the option of creating an Alliance shaman with the Draenei race. With the announced release of World Of Warcraft: Cataclysm new Shaman races will be Dwarf for the Alliance and Goblin for the Horde.

The Shaman wears only cloth or leather armor until level 40, at which time mail armor may also be equipped. Shamans may wield a one-handed or two-handed mace, staff, one-handed or two-handed axe, dagger, or fist weapon; and may use a shield. Speccing into enhancement grants a shaman the ability to dual wield (formerly a talent in the enhancement tree) and use a weapon in their offhand instead of a shield.

Warhammer Fantasy

В мире Warhammer Fantasy шаманы имеются в племенах зеленокожих — орков и гоблинов.

MMORPG

Класс шамана также часто встречается в MMORPG.

Age of Conan: Hyborian Adventures

В игре «Age of Conan: Hyborian Adventures» медвежий шаман (англ. Bear Shaman) является одним из трёх архетипов жреца. В отличие от других классов целителей, шаман обладает хорошими боевыми способностями. Он может выбирать комбинацию фитов из одного из трёх деревьев: «Общее» (обычное для архетипа жреца), «Гнев» и «Духи». Из всех народов, фигурирующих в игре, только киммериец или кхитаец могут выбрать этот класс. Шаман может носить лёгкие доспехи и использовать двуручное ударное оружие, но не может пользоваться щитами..

Интересные факты

• Практикующим шаманом является известный гейм-дизайнер Грег Стаффорд.