Редактирование: Преследование Dungeons & Dragons в 1980-х
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− | + | '''Обвинения в адрес [[Dungeons & Dragons]]''', звучавшие в обществе и в средствах массовой информации в 1980-х годах (эпизодически и позднее), и реакция на них со стороны [[TSR|издателей игры]] составляют значительный пласт истории как собственно D&D, так и [[ролевая игра|ролевых игр]] в целом, и даже литературного [[жанр]]а [[фэнтези]]. | |
− | Обвинения в адрес | ||
== Джек Чик и комикс «Dark Dungeons» == | == Джек Чик и комикс «Dark Dungeons» == | ||
− | + | В 1980-х годах, по мере роста популярности D&D и ролевых игр вообще среди молодёжи, некоторые религиозные группы стали обвинять игру в распространении идей сатанизма и [[чёрная магия|чёрной магии]]<ref name="panic">{{cite journal |author=Waldron, David |title=Role-Playing Games and the Christian Right: Community Formation in Response to a Moral Panic |journal=Journal of Religion and Popular Culture |volume=9 |date=Spring 2005 |url=http://www.usask.ca/relst/jrpc/art9-roleplaying-print.html}}</ref>. Одним из наиболее активных обвинителей был Джек Чик ({{enw|Jack T. Chick}}), американский издатель, принадлежащий к консервативной {{enw|Independent Baptist|Независимой баптистской церкви}}. В 1984 году он выпустил [[комикс]] «[[Dark Dungeons (комикс)|Dark Dungeons]]», изображающий ролевые игры, в особенности D&D, орудием Сатаны в совращении молодых людей<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/0046/0046_01.asp | title=Dark Dungeons | year=1984 | publisher=Jack T. Chick LLC | author=Chick, Jack T.}}</ref>. | |
− | В 1980-х годах, по мере роста популярности D&D и ролевых игр вообще среди молодёжи, некоторые религиозные группы стали обвинять игру в распространении идей сатанизма и [[чёрная магия|чёрной магии]]<ref name="panic">Waldron, David | ||
== Патриция Пуллинг и «Bothered About Dungeons and Dragons» == | == Патриция Пуллинг и «Bothered About Dungeons and Dragons» == | ||
Патриция Пуллинг ({{enw|Patricia Pulling}}) из Ричмонда (штат Вирджиния) была основателем организации «Bothered About Dungeons and Dragons» ({{рус|«Обеспокоенные D&D»}}, BADD). В 1982 году сын Патриции, Ирвинг Пуллинг, совершил самоубийство, причинами которого Патриция сочла увлечение Ирвинга ролевыми играми. Она подала в суд на преподавателя школы, где учился Ирвинг, которого считала виновным в том, что он познакомил её сына с D&D, и на издателя D&D, компанию [[TSR, Inc.]]. Оба иска были отвергнуты судом. После этого миссис Пуллинг основала BADD и начала распространять в СМИ обвинения в адрес D&D в распространении идей сатанизма и побуждении молодых людей к самоубийствам. BADD описывала D&D как «фэнтезийную ролевую игру, проповедующую демонологию, неоязычество, вуду, убийства, насилия, богохульства, растление малолетних, самоубийства, убийства, безумие, сексуальные извращения, проституцию, сатанизм, азартные игры, варварство, каннибализм, садомазохизм, оскорбление христианства, призывание злых духов, некромантию и другие аморальные учения.»<ref name="panic"/>. Патриция Пуллинг также написала книгу «The Devil’s Web: Who Is Stalking Your Children For Satan?» ({{рус|«Дьявольская паутина: кто преследует ваших детей во имя Сатаны?»}}), вышедшую в 1989 году. | Патриция Пуллинг ({{enw|Patricia Pulling}}) из Ричмонда (штат Вирджиния) была основателем организации «Bothered About Dungeons and Dragons» ({{рус|«Обеспокоенные D&D»}}, BADD). В 1982 году сын Патриции, Ирвинг Пуллинг, совершил самоубийство, причинами которого Патриция сочла увлечение Ирвинга ролевыми играми. Она подала в суд на преподавателя школы, где учился Ирвинг, которого считала виновным в том, что он познакомил её сына с D&D, и на издателя D&D, компанию [[TSR, Inc.]]. Оба иска были отвергнуты судом. После этого миссис Пуллинг основала BADD и начала распространять в СМИ обвинения в адрес D&D в распространении идей сатанизма и побуждении молодых людей к самоубийствам. BADD описывала D&D как «фэнтезийную ролевую игру, проповедующую демонологию, неоязычество, вуду, убийства, насилия, богохульства, растление малолетних, самоубийства, убийства, безумие, сексуальные извращения, проституцию, сатанизм, азартные игры, варварство, каннибализм, садомазохизм, оскорбление христианства, призывание злых духов, некромантию и другие аморальные учения.»<ref name="panic"/>. Патриция Пуллинг также написала книгу «The Devil’s Web: Who Is Stalking Your Children For Satan?» ({{рус|«Дьявольская паутина: кто преследует ваших детей во имя Сатаны?»}}), вышедшую в 1989 году. | ||
− | В том же году гейм-дизайнер, писатель и игрок {{ruw|Стэкпол, Майкл|Майкл Стэкпол}} написал статью [http://www.featherlessbiped.com/6696/RPGSATAN/rpgsatan.htm «Game Hysteria and the Truth»] ({{рус|«Игровая истерия и истина»}}), которая рассматривала все недостатки, ложные концепции и сомнительные утверждения Пуллинг<ref>Hicks, Robert D. (1991) ''In pursuit of Satan: the police and the occult'' Page 291</ref>. В следующем году основные моменты из «Game Hysteria and the Truth» были повторены в работе Стэкпола «The Pulling Report»<ref> | + | В том же году гейм-дизайнер, писатель и игрок {{ruw|Стэкпол, Майкл|Майкл Стэкпол}} написал статью [http://www.featherlessbiped.com/6696/RPGSATAN/rpgsatan.htm «Game Hysteria and the Truth»] ({{рус|«Игровая истерия и истина»}}), которая рассматривала все недостатки, ложные концепции и сомнительные утверждения Пуллинг<ref>Hicks, Robert D. (1991) ''In pursuit of Satan: the police and the occult'' Page 291</ref>. В следующем году основные моменты из «Game Hysteria and the Truth» были повторены в работе Стэкпола «The Pulling Report»<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rpgstudies.net/stackpole/pulling_report.html|title=The Pulling Report|last=Stackpole|first=Michael A.|year=1990|accessdate=April 4, 2010}}</ref>. В 1991 году Стэкпол совместно с Лореном К. Вайсманом (Loren K. Wiseman) написал брошюру «Question & Answers About Role-Playing Games» ({{рус|«Вопросы и ответы о ролевых играх»}}), в которой со ссылкой на американские и канадские организации, занимающиеся изучением вопроса самоубийств, утверждалось, что не существует никакой связи между ролевыми играми и самоубийствами<ref name="gama">[http://www.rpg.net/realm/critique/gama.html QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ABOUT ROLE-PLAYING GAMES], Loren K. Wiseman and Michael A. Stackpole, ©1991 by Game Manufacturers Association</ref>. |
В 1997 году Патриция Пуллинг скончалась. С её смертью BADD прекратила свою деятельность. | В 1997 году Патриция Пуллинг скончалась. С её смертью BADD прекратила свою деятельность. | ||
− | == | + | == The Schnoebelen articles == |
− | + | [[Bill Schnoebelen]] claims<ref name="new and alt reli">{{cite book |author1=Eugene V. Gallagher |author2=W. Michael Ashcraft |title=Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&pg=PA163 |date=October 2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780275987176 |page=163 |quote=William Schnoebelen, who claims to have been an Old Order Catholic priest, a Wiccan High Priest, a Satanist High Priest, a Master Mason, and a Temple Mormon, has (not surprisingly) been accused of simply inventing a past to gain countercult credibility. (p. 155)}}</ref> to have been a Wiccan Priest, Satanic Priest, and — eschewing those faiths — became a Christian who spent most of his time attempting to convert other people from these religions.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chick.com/information/authors/schnoebelen.asp | title=About William Schnoebelen | publisher=[[Chick Publications]]}}</ref> In 1989 he wrote an article, «Straight Talk on Dungeons and Dragons»<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chick.com/articles/dnd.asp | title=Straight Talk on Dungeons and Dragons | year=1984 | author=Schnoebelen, William | publisher=[[Chick Publications]]}}</ref>, which was published by [[Chick Publications]]. He received a large volume of letters and emails on the subject in the years after that, and wrote a follow-up article in 2001, «Should a Christian Play Dungeons & Dragons?»<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chick.com/articles/frpg.asp | title=Should a Christian Play Dungeons & Dragons? | year=2001? | author=Schnoebelen, William | publisher=[[Chick Publications]]}}</ref> These essays portray ''Dungeons & Dragons'' as a tool for [[New Age]] Satanic groups to introduce concepts and behaviors that are seen as contrary to [[Christianity|Christian]] teaching and morality in general. Part of his claims involve supposedly being visited by TSR employees to make sure that the magic of the game was authentic, although examining the game rules shows this not to be the case.<ref name="freaks">{{cite book |author=Stephen Weese |title=God Loves the Freaks |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zgBG6vqyin8C&pg=PA136 |date=November 2006 |publisher=Stephen Weese |isbn=9781430303657 |pages=136–7}}</ref> | |
− | + | The first article, summarized ''D&D'' as «a feeding program for occultism and witchcraft [which] violates the commandment of [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|I Ths]]. 5:22 'Abstain from all appearance of evil.'» It claimed that rituals described in the game were capable of conjuring malevolent demons and producing other real-world effects. The article further accused the [[Dungeon Master's Guide]] of celebrating [[Adolf Hitler]] for his charisma. | |
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− | + | The second article focused on contrasting the Christian world-view and the fantasy worldview of ''Dungeons & Dragons'', concluding, «being exposed to all these ideas of magic to the degree that the game requires cannot but help have a significant impact on the minds of the players.» | |
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− | == | + | == The Hickman articles == |
− | + | [[Tracy Hickman]], a prolific author of ''Dungeons & Dragons'' materials and practicing Latter-day Saint (Mormon), has written many articles about the ethics of ''Dungeons & Dragons'' from a Theistic point of view. His «Ethics in Fantasy: Morality and D&D / Part 1: That Evil Game!»<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.trhickman.com/Intel/Essays/Ethic1.html | title=Ethics in Fantasy: Morality and D&D / Part 1: That Evil Game! | year=1988 | author=Hickman, Tracy}}</ref> details a number of concerns about the ethics surrounding ''Dungeons & Dragons'', but also outlines a number of the hurdles in gamers and non-gamers communicating over these topics. | |
− | + | == TSR’s reaction == | |
+ | The controversy led TSR to remove references to [[Demon (Dungeons & Dragons)|demons]], [[Devil (Dungeons & Dragons)|devils]], and other potentially controversial supernatural monsters from the 2nd Edition of ''AD&D''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ward, James M |authorlink=Jim Ward (game designer) |title=The Games Wizards: Angry Mothers From Heck (And what we do about them) |journal=Dragon |issue=154 |date=9 February 1990 }}</ref> These references were replaced by references to tanar’ri and baatezu. Many of these exclusions were not returned to the game until the release of the 3rd Edition in 2000. Some 3rd Edition products have addressed Demonology and Satan-worship far more explicitly than materials from previous editions; however, relations and interactions with these creatures are explicitly said to be evil. The more 'extreme' manuals, specifically the ''[[Book of Vile Darkness]]'' and the ''[[Book of Exalted Deeds]]'', bear a «For Mature Audiences Only» label. | ||
− | + | == Mazes and Monsters == | |
+ | As the role-playing game hobby began to grow, it was connected to the story in 1979 of the disappearance of 16-year-old [[James Dallas Egbert III]]. Egbert had attempted [[suicide]] in the [[utility tunnels]] beneath the campus of [[Michigan State University]], and after his unsuccessful attempt, hid out at a friend’s house for approximately a month. | ||
− | + | A well-publicized search for Egbert began, and his parents hired private investigator William Dear to seek out their son. Dear knew nothing about ''Dungeons & Dragons'' at that time, but speculated to the press that Egbert had gotten lost in the steam tunnels during a [[Live action role-playing game|live-action version]] of the game. The press largely reported the story as fact, which served as the kernel of a persistent rumor regarding such «steam tunnel incidents». Egbert’s suicide attempts, including his successful suicide the following year (by self-inflicted gunshot) had no connection whatsoever to ''D&D'', being brought on by his being [[depression (clinical)|depressed]] and under great stress.<ref name="dmbook">Dear, William C. ''[[The Dungeon Master|Dungeon Master]]: The Disappearance of James Dallas Egbert III'', [[Houghton Mifflin]], 1984</ref> | |
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− | + | [[Rona Jaffe]] published ''[[Mazes and Monsters (novel)|Mazes and Monsters]]'' in 1981, a thinly disguised fictionalization of the press exaggerations of the Egbert case. In an era when very few people understood role-playing games it seemed plausible to some elements of the public that a player might experience a psychotic episode and lose touch with reality during role-playing. The book saw adaptation into a [[Mazes and Monsters|made-for-television movie]] in 1982 starring [[Tom Hanks]], and the publicity surrounding both the novel and film version served to heighten the public’s unease regarding role-playing games. | |
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− | + | Dear later revealed the truth of the incident in his 1984 book ''[[The Dungeon Master]]'', in which he repudiated the link between ''D&D'' and Egbert’s disappearance. Dear acknowledged that Egbert’s domineering mother had more to do with his problems than his interest in role-playing games.<ref name="dmbook" /> | |
− | + | [[Neal Stephenson]]'s fictional book satirizing university life, ''[[The Big U]]'', published in 1984, includes a series of similar incidents in which a live-action fantasy role-player is killed in a steam-tunnel accident leading to another gamer becoming mentally unstable, and unable to distinguish reality from the game. | |
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− | == | + | == ''Hobgoblin'' == |
− | + | ''[[Hobgoblin (book)|Hobgoblin]]'' is a 1981 novel by horror and suspense writer [[John Coyne (writer)|John Coyne]] which also followed on the angst about the Egbert incident, and ''D&D'' and fantasy role-playing games in general. This thriller is about a young man, Scott Gardiner, who is traumatized by the sudden death of his father and by his mother’s decision to take a job as caretaker of an isolated estate called Ballycastle. Ostracized by his peers at the local high school, Scott takes refuge in ''Hobgoblin,'' a role-playing game based on [[Celtic mythology|Ancient Celtic cults]]. As the novel progresses, Scott comes to identify more and more with his character, Brian Boru, frequently thinking of himself as Brian. In an attempt to improve relations with his schoolmates, Scott throws a Hobgoblin-themed costume party at Ballycastle. Tragedy strikes when the supposedly dead former owner of Ballycastle—now hopelessly deranged—arrives at the party, killing several guests and Scott’s mother. Scott—in his Brian Boru persona—kills the murderer using the weapons he carries as part of his costume. | |
− | == | + | == Lieth Von Stein == |
− | + | In 1988, a murder case in [[Washington, North Carolina|Washington]], [[North Carolina]] involving [[North Carolina State University]] students brought ''Dungeons & Dragons'' more unfavorable publicity. [[Chris Pritchard]] allegedly masterminded the murder of his stepfather, [[Lieth Von Stein]], for his $2 million fortune. Both von Stein and his wife, Bonnie, were bludgeoned and stabbed by masked assailants in their bedroom, leaving the husband mortally wounded and the wife injured. | |
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+ | Chris Pritchard had a long history of mutual antagonism with his stepfather, and state investigators learned over the course of a year that Pritchard had developed some unhealthy associations at NCSU. Pritchard had a known history for alcohol and drug use. But the NCSU authorities also seized on his role-playing group after a 'game map' depicting the von Stein house turned up as physical evidence. Pritchard’s friends [[Gerald Neal Henderson]] and [[James Upchurch|James «Moog» Upchurch III]] were implicated in a plot to help Pritchard kill his stepfather. All three young men went to state prison in 1990. Henderson and Pritchard have since been paroled. Upchurch’s death sentence was commuted to life in 1992; he is serving his term. | ||
− | + | True crime authors [[Joe McGinniss]] and [[Jerry Bledsoe]] played up the role-playing angle. Much attention was given to Upchurch’s influence and power as Dungeon Master. Bledsoe’s book, ''Blood Games'', was made into a TV movie, ''Honor Thy Mother'', in 1992. That same year, McGinniss' book was adapted into a two part TV miniseries, ''[[Cruel Doubt]]''. The latter film featured real role-playing game materials, doctored to imply they had caused the murders.<ref name="escapistfaq">[http://www.theescapist.com/faq_encyclopedia.htm#cruel Cruel Doubt] on The Escapist’s FAQ</ref> | |
− | [[ | + | == Promotes gang related activity == |
− | [[Категория: | + | In 2004, Wisconsin’s Waupun prison instituted a ban on playing ''Dungeons & Dragons'', arguing that it promoted gang-related activity. The policy went into effect based upon an anonymous letter from an inmate stating that the four prisoners that played the game were forming a «gang». When the ban went into effect, the prison confiscated all ''Dungeons & Dragons''-related materials. Inmate Kevin T. Singer, a dedicated player of the game, who is sentenced to a life term for first-degree intentional homicide, sought to overturn the ban saying it violated his first amendment rights. However, on January 25, 2010 the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals]] upheld the ban as a «reasonable policy».<ref>{{cite news |
+ | | first=Scott | last=Bauer | date=January 25, 2010 | ||
+ | | title=Game over: Wisconsin inmate loses legal fight to play Dungeons & Dragons behind bars | ||
+ | | work=Chicago Tribune | publisher=Tribune Co. | ||
+ | | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/sns-ap-us-odd-dungeons-and-dragons-inmate,0,6644834.story?obref=obnetwork | ||
+ | | accessdate=2010-01-28 }}</ref> | ||
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+ | == References == | ||
+ | {{примечания|2}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | == External links == | ||
+ | * {{cite web | url=http://www.rpgstudies.net/ | title=Studies About Fantasy Role-Playing Games | publisher=RPGStudies.net | year=1994}} | ||
+ | * {{cite web | url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/d_a_d.htm | title=Dungeons and Dragons and other fantasy role-playing games | publisher=Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance | year=2002}} | ||
+ | * {{cite web | url=http://www.theescapist.com/ | title=The Escapist — a gaming advocacy website | publisher=theescapist.com | year=2007}} | ||
+ | {{заготовка|Gereint}} | ||
+ | [[Категория:Dungeons & Dragons]] |