Редактирование: Гуль (D&D)

Название «гуль» заимствовано из доисламского арабского и среднеазиатского фольклора, где существо под названием «ghūl»<ref>Это слово по разным версиям происходит от «ghala» — «хватать», от слова, означающего «[[демон]]», или от имени демона Gallu в древней ближневосточной мифологии.</ref> обитает в пустынях, пещерах, а также на полях сражений и на кладбищах, где пожирает трупы. По одним легендам гули боятся живых людей и избегают их, по другим, напротив, заманивают одиноких путников, [[изменение облика|оборачиваясь]] молодыми женщинами, в своё логово и съедают. Древнейшее упоминание гулей в литературе — {{ruw|Тысяча и одна ночь|«Сказки тысячи и одной ночи»}}. В английской литературе гуль впервые появился в готическом романе в «восточном» стиле {{ruw|Бекфорд, Уильям|Уильяма Бекфорда}} «Ватек» (полное название «История халифа Ватека»), изданном в 1786 году. Позднее гули как чудовища-трупоеды появлялись в различных произведениях европейской и американской литературы и особенно широко — в фэнтези, откуда перешли в [[ролевые игры]].

Гуль — один из канонических монстров, существующих во всех редакциях D&D.

'''Лацедон''' или '''ласедон''' (lacedon), водоплавающая разновидность гуля, был представлен в дополнении [[Blackmoor|«Supplement II: Blackmoor»]] (1975 год)<ref>Dave Arneson. Blackmoor. TSR, 1975.</ref>. В [[Gods, Demigods, Heroes|«Supplement IV: Gods, Demigods, Heroes»]] (1976 год) появились '''гули Янайдара''' (Ghouls of Yanaidar).

В модуле «[[Thunderdelve Mountain]]» (1985 год) фигурирует '''гуль испарений''' (vapor ghoul); в «[[Creature Catalogue]]» (1986 год) он занесён как «vapour ghoul»<ref>Morris, Graeme, Phil Gallagher and Jim Bambra. Creature Catalogue. TSR, 1986.</ref>. В этой же книге, а также в «Creature Catalog» 1993 года описывается '''древний гуль''' (elder ghoul)<ref>Nephew, John. Creature Catalog. TSR, 1993.</ref>.

The ghoul, ghast, and lacedon appear first in the Monstrous Compendium Volume One (1989),<ref>[[David "Zeb" Cook|Cook, David]], et al. ''Monstrous Compendium Volume One'' ([[TSR, Inc.|TSR]], [[1989]])</ref> and are reprinted in the Monstrous Manual (1993).<ref>Stewart, Doug, ed. ''Monstrous Manual'' (TSR, [[1993]])</ref>

The '''goop ghoul''' appears in ''Dragon'' #198 (October 1993). The '''ghoul undead dragon''' and '''ghast undead dragon''' appear in ''Dragon'' #234 (October 1996).

The '''true ghoul''' and the '''true ghoul noble''' are introduced in ''[[Dungeon (magazine)|Dungeon]]'' #70 (September 1998), in the article «Kingdom of the Ghouls.»<ref>Baur, Wolfgang. «Kingdom of the Ghouls.» ''[[Dungeon (magazine)|Dungeon]]'' #70 (TSR, 1998)</ref> The ghoul was detailed in ''Dragon'' #252 (October 1998), in the «Ecology of the Ghoul».<ref>Baur, Wolfgang. «Ecology of the Ghoul.» ''[[Dragon (magazine)|Dragon]]'' #252 (TSR, [[1998]])</ref>

 

The '''elevated ghoul''' appears in ''Return to White Plume Mountain'' (1999).

The ghoul, ghast, and lacedon appear in the Monster Manual for this edition (2000).<ref>[[Monte Cook|Cook, Monte]], [[Jonathan Tweet]], and [[Skip Williams]]. ''[[Monster Manual]]'' ([[Wizards of the Coast]], [[2000]])</ref>

A variant ghoul ('''jikiniki''') appeared in ''Oriental Adventures'' (2001).

The '''abyssal ghoul''' was introduced in the [[Forgotten Realms]] supplement ''[[City of the Spider Queen]]'' (2002),<ref>[[James Wyatt (game designer)|Wyatt, James]]. ''[[City of the Spider Queen]]'' ([[TSR, Inc.|TSR]], 2002)</ref> and then appeared in the ''[[Fiend Folio]]'' (2003).<ref>Cagle, Eric, [[Jesse Decker]], [[James Jacobs (game designer)|James Jacobs]], [[Erik Mona]], Matt Sernett, Chris Thomasson, and [[James Wyatt (game designer)|James Wyatt]]. ''[[Fiend Folio]] ([[Wizards of the Coast]], [[2003]])</ref>

''Savage Species'' (2003) presented the ghoul as both a race and a playable class.<ref>Eckelberry, David, Rich Redman, and Jennifer Clarke Wilkes. ''[[Savage Species]]'' (Wizards of the Coast, [[2003]])</ref>

The '''ghoul creature''' [[Creature Template (Dungeons & Dragons)|template]] appeared in ''Dragon'' #307 (May 2003), and included the '''ghoulish harpy''' as a sample creature.

The '''fleshvigor ghoul''' for the [[Ghostwalk]] campaign setting appears in ''Dragon'' #315 (January 2004). The '''nether hound ghoul''' for the Forgotten Realms setting appears in ''Dragon'' #322 (August 2004).

The ghoul and ghast were presented as player character classes in ''[[Libris Mortis|Libris Mortis: The Book of Undead]]'' (2004).<ref>Collins, Andy and [[Bruce Cordell|Bruce R Cordell]]. ''[[Libris Mortis]]'' ([[Wizards of the Coast]], [[2004]])</ref>

The true ghoul reappears in ''Dungeon'' #129 (December 2005) in the adventure "A Gathering of Winds, " as part of the «[[Age of Worms]]» [[Adventure Path]].<ref>Baur, Wolfgang. «A Gathering of Winds.» ''Dungeon'' #129 ([[Paizo Publishing]], [[2005]])</ref>

=== [[D&D 4|Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition]] (2008-) ===

The ghoul appears in the Monster Manual for this edition (2008), including the '''horde ghoul''', the '''abyssal ghoul''', the '''abyssal ghoul hungerer''', and the '''abyssal ghoul myrmidon'''.<ref>Mearls, Mike, Stephen Schubert, and James Wyatt. ''[[Monster Manual]]'' ([[Wizards of the Coast]], 2008)</ref>

=== Описание ===

A ghoul is said to be created on the death of a man or woman who savored the taste of flesh. They not only eat the dead, but also prey on the unwary living. Likewise, a ghast is supposedly made while someone dies during the act of cannibalism. Ghouls can paralyze their victims with a touch, though [[Elf (Dungeons & Dragons)|elves]] are immune. Aside from the standard variety, a number of other forms of ghoul exist.

=== Варианты гуля ===

* Abyssal ghoul: These [[planes (Dungeons & Dragons)|extraplanar]] versions of the standard ghoul have [[Fiend (Dungeons & Dragons)|fiendish]] characteristics that make them far more formidable than their cousins.

* Ghast: The ghast is similar to the ghoul, but is distinguished by its monstrously foul and supernaturally nauseating stench. It is also more powerful than a standard ghoul; even elves can fall victim to a ghast’s [[paralysis|paralytic]] touch. It resembles very closely its [[Undead (Dungeons & Dragons)|undead]] cousins, but is far more deadly and cunning. Like ghouls, ghasts speak whatever language they did in life (usually Common). They are [[Alignment (Dungeons & Dragons)#Chaotic Evil|chaotic evil]] in alignment.

* Ghoulish and ghastly creatures: These are creatures which possess the ghoulish or ghastly template, which in effect makes them non-human versions of ghouls and ghasts.

* Gravetouched ghoul: These ghouls are said to have been blessed by the [[King of Ghouls]] upon their return from the dead, and are thus more powerful than common ghouls. While standard ghouls lose all of their abilities from their previous life, gravetouched ghouls retain most of their former selves, albeit enhanced by the transformation into an undead creature.

* Lacedon: A lacedon is the aquatic version of the standard ghoul. Save for the fact that they are powerful swimmers, Lacedons are identical to standard ghouls. They are said to lurk near reefs, waiting to prey on stranded vessels.

* Thoul: A thoul is a sorcerous crossbreed between a [[Hobgoblin (Dungeons & Dragons)|hobgoblin]], a [[Troll (Dungeons & Dragons)|troll]], and a ghoul. It appears to be a hobgoblin, but paralyzes with a touch and regenerates.

* True ghoul: A civilized form of ghoul, these creatures lack the savage nature of their standard counterparts, and often live together in underground cities which approximate human civilization. An example of such a society can be found in the ''[[World of Greyhawk]]'s'' version of the [[White Kingdom]].

The ghoul was ranked fifth among the ten best low-level monsters by the authors of ''Dungeons & Dragons For Dummies''. The authors described the ghoul as «terrifying to low-level heroes because one scratch of a ghoul’s filthy claws may cause even the most resolute heroes to freeze up in complete (but thankfully short-lived) paralysis».<ref name="Dummies">Slavicsek, Bill; Rich Baker, Jeff Grubb (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=xNU7E01MCEgC&pg=PA361&dq=%22mind+flayer%22&lr=&as_brr=3&client=opera#PPA361,M1 Dungeons & Dragons For Dummies]. For Dummies. pp. 373. ISBN 9780764584596. Retrieved 2009-02-12.</ref>

* In the tabletop wargame Warhammer, ghouls are not undead creatures, but simply mutated, cannibalistic humans driven mad by famine and war, similar to the Wendigo of Algonquian belief.

* In the tabletop Call of Cthulhu, ghouls are depicted as described in the writings of H. P. Lovecraft.

* The Delta Green supplement for Call of Cthulhu presents a ghoul character whose unique abilities are exploited for forensic purposes.

* In the role-playing game Shadowrun, ghouls are humans infected by a virus called the Human-Metahuman Vampiric Virus (HMHVV or «humvee»). They must eat human or metahuman flesh as a result of their infection to maintain their life force.

* In the video game series Fallout, ghouls are survivors of severe overdoses of radiation, whether from the initial holocaust in the Great War or later exposure. Their skin is often rotting and/or heavily burned, and those who retain their personalities are usually victims of prejudice from non-ghoul humans. For varying reasons, some devolve into mindless beasts who act like stereotypical zombies.

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[[Категория:Dungeons & Dragons]]